Japanese Cooking 101, Lesson 5 - Fish, Part 2: Fish buying tips, plus how to "open" a fish

Welcome back to Japanese Cooking 101: The Fundamentals of Washoku Lesson 5 - Fish! This is Part 2 of the Fish lesson; in Part 1 we started with an easy salmon teriyaki.

While many Japanese meat dishes are known around the world these days, such as tonkatsu and the gyuudon (beef on rice), many such meat dishes are in fact part of a different branch of cooking called yoshoku (yohshoku), or western-influenced Japanese cuisine. For a very long time eating meat was either actively discouraged or outright banned in Japan, so that most people who either lived near water or could afford it ate a lot of fish as their main source of protein.

So, learning how to deal with fish is quite important if you want to become a Japanese cooking whiz. Let's start at the fishmonger....

Where and how to buy fish

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You will need to start by looking for a good fishmonger. If you're very lucky your local supermarket has a decent fish department (in the U.S. Whole Foods usually has a pretty good one), but otherwise you may have to ask around or do some research to find one that consistently stocks fresh fish.

A good fish seller should not smell 'fishy'. There will be some smell, but it should be like the ocean. If the place stinks, do not trust them.

A good fish seller should have a rapid turnover, and only stock what they normally sell. Just because there are tons of fish on display doesn't necessarily mean it's all good! Smaller fish shops may only sell locally caught fish. That's great, because it means that fish is fresh, in season, and all that you desire. If you live near the sea, you'll also want to see some locally caught fish, not just shipped in stuff. In addition, a good fishmonger will do things for you such as taking off the heads and removing the guts.

Look into his eyes...

Let's talk about fish heads for a moment. I know some people are squeamish about seeing eyes on the food they eat, but in the case of fish the eyes really say a lot. Fish generally start to go bad from the head down, and if the eyes look sunken or dull, that's bad news.

This is a nice, bright-eyed fish.

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And how about this guy?

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Anyway: when you are looking at fish, if they have their heads on, make sure they are as clear as glass. If the fish you want has already had its head removed, look at the fish that's on the shelf or in the case that do have heads - do they look nice and clear? If yes, your headless fish is probably good too.

Another way to gauge the freshness of fish, besides it smell (it should not smell 'fishy') and the eyes is if it's nice and firm and has a moist looking skin. You have to gauge this with your eyes only most of the time since fishmongers will not let you touch the merchandise. So, use what you can readily see and smell first.

How to 'open' a fish

There are several ways to cut a fish - fileting it for instance, or cutting it across the body into 'steaks', and so on. One way that's pretty common in Japan is to simply open it up, leaving the head on and the backbone in the fish. This method of cutting a fish is called 開き - hiraki (noun) or 開く - hiraku (verb, to open). It's like butterflying but a bit easier. It's also a good way to become familiar with handling a whole fish. If you fish, this is a great way to cook your catch on a campfire grill on the spot, since the opened up fish cooks quickly and evenly.

The easiest kind of fish to use for this - indeed the easiest kind of fish to cut up on your own, is a medium sized round-bodied fish like mackerel, herring, trout and so on. Flat fish like plaice or sole are not suited for this treatment. Here I have used a fish that looked nice at our local fish shop - I think it's called a smelt whiting or whiting in English; it looks a lot like a fish called kisu in Japanese.

If you can, get your fishmonger to take the guts out for you. It's less messy that way.

You will need a sharpt kitchen knife and a cutting board. If you chose a fish with proment plasticky scales, you'll also need a de-scaler. Tip: if you don't have a de-scaling tool, try a used by clean credit card-type card. Run it up the fish skin from the tail repeatedly until all the scales are loosened, and rinse off. In any case, always de-scale befor cutting up the fish.

Put your knife in right behind the gills...

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...and firmly cut through until you feel the bone. Don't go all the way through. (Tip: If you're removing the head, just keep going.)

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Start cutting the belly side of the fish, starting with where you made your head cut. If you didn't get the guts removed at the fish shop, this is the time to remove them. Pause to rinse out the guts and pat dry before proceeding.

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Cut through the belly side all the way to the tail....

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...then pull gently on the top half of the fish while slicing through right on top of where the bone is.

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Once the top half of the fish is separated from the bottom half and only connected at the back side, wash the fish out thoroughly inside and out. Make sure that all the scales are rinsed away, as well as any residual bits of the innards. (Tip: If you are fileting the fish you'd keep going and cut all the way through the back part.)

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Pat the fish dry with paper towels. Isn't he a fine looking thing?

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Put some salt in and round both of the eyes. This helps to keep them fresh a bit longer.

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Lightly salt both sides of the fish. A good way to lightly salt something is to sprinkle on the salt from a high above; you get more even coverage that way.

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At this point you can just grill the fish or pan-fry it, with no added seasoning if you want the flavor of the fish to shine through, or with a teriyaki sauce brushed on it (see Part 1 for the basic teriyaki formula.)

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Or, you can make a sort of homemade himono or semi-dried fish, but leaving it on a rack for a day or two. (If you are not sure about leaving out fish in the open, and/or have some furry feline creatures around, do this drying bit in the refrigerator.)

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Here is the fish after it's been air-drying for 2 days, simply grilled. It was delicious, in the way only really fresh fish can be. We had it with grated daikon radish and some soy sauce drizzled on top.

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You can also pan-fry it in olive oil or butter, maybe with some herbs piled on for a great light meal.

Summary

  • A good fish shop should smell fresh, and have a carefully selected array of fish, at least a good percentage of it of it locally caught if you live near the sea.
  • A good fishmonger will know how to recommend fish to you and to do some basic processing such as gutting it.
  • Look at the eyes of a fish! If they are nice and clear, the fish is fresh. Also trust your nose.
  • Try cutting open a fish!

Not too complicated or scary, right? Next time we'll look at how to deal with tiny fish like sprats and sardines.

Filed under:  fish how-to washoku knife skills

Comments

Thanks for showing this method - I always wonder how to do this. And thanks for not being afraid to show a 'real fish'. I prefer to buy (or catch) whole fish whenever possible.

Hello,

thanks for this recipe, seems healthy and delicious :)

Greeting from Morocco

VERY interesting. I didn't grow up in a fish-eating (or fishing) family, so your instructions may change my menus now. If you don't know -- and have no one to show you, then whole fish are not on the grocery list. Thank you, Maki!!!

Sorry if it's a stupid question but when do you remove the bones from the fish? Is it when you wash the fish after butterflying it? Or do you just leave it inside the fish?

For descaling, you could also just use the back of your knife. At least, that's what I always do.

As far as the smell of fish mongers is concerned ... this is definitely true for fish being sold in stores. That should not smell at all (though modern stores are quite good at hiding the smell even though the fish they sell is anything but fresh). In markets, however, a fishy smell does not always indicate a problem. It could be the fish monger just dumped the ice in which the fish is kept somewhere nearby and it's that that you're smelling and not the fish itself.

Just look at the eyes of the fish being sold (like you said) and determine what you're going to buy based on that.

My mother grew up in the "flounder capital of the world" and can fillet one of those tricky flat little buggers in no time flat, let alone an easy round fish. Since she was always so picky about getting every scrap of meat from the bones, I was too intimidated to learn myself! This looks like a nice simple method that makes for a more impressive presentation than simple fillets-- I will have to try your air dry method next time I bring home a couple fresh mackerel.

We treat this size of fish completely differently here: cutting down each side of the backbone from the top side of the fish, hopefully between ribs and the skin.

This provides two sides of fish - for salmon or similar fish with a lateral bone line, this line is then cut out to provide four pieces.

If you want to remove the skin the fillets can then be placed skin side down and a knife run between the skin & flesh, starting at the very tail.

We also use a thin flexible knife closer to a "Yanagi-ba-bōchō" than a "Deba bōchō"

There are several ways of cutting a fish - this is just one. I showed it because it's probably the easiest for a beginner, and without the need of any special knives and so forth.

It's aways good to see new ways - I will try this method as soon as I can. The resulting presentation is very attractive.

I'm looking forward to the rest of the series.

Thanks!

Thanks for this lesson. I've always bought pre-cut fillets because I didn't know what to do with a whole fish. Now I know!

Hi Maki, thanks so much for your blog, I am loving it!!!!! I had. Go at your teriyaki recipe using salmon, was Devine!! I didn't eat any seafood before I lived in Japan. Hence I learnt all the names of the fish I like in japanese. I have trouble working out what they are called in English, particularly In Australia. Could you help me with a list of what commonly eaten fish in Japan are called in English? よろしいくおねがいします!

That's a good idea for a future post! Thanks for the idea ^_^

Dear Makiko-San,

Thank you for providing pictures of how to deal with a fish. I have a question for you though. I used to love to cook with fish until one time I bought a filet from the regular place and there were some worms in the filet. I was extremely grossed out and brought the fish back to the store. I have not touched fresh fish since. What should I do if I come across worms? Are they in whole fish? Please advise as I would love to cook with fish again. Thank you very much from California!